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Acil ingilizce-türkçe çeviri
herkesten özür dilerim.
bir ricam olacaktı karşılığında bir şey veremem fakat çok memnun olur müteşekkir kalırım.
staj yaptığım yerde son ödev olarak herkese bi konu çektirdiler ve bu konudaki terimlerin türkçe tercümelerini istiyorlar, yoksa bi aylık çalışma heba olup gidecek. çapsız herifler böyle bi şey olduğunu söylememişlerdi. zaten biliyordum ingilizcenin günün birinde başıma iş açacağına, şu iş bitsin ilk işim bi kursa yazılmak olacak. ben konu olarak international tradei seçtim ve aşağıda vereceğim çoğu 1 veya 2cümleden oluşan yaklaşık 20 terimin tercümelerini vermem gerekiyor. ya lütfen birileri yardım etsin çok kötü durumdayım çookkk:( lütfen lütfen lütfenn lütfennnn
Autarky : A policy of self-reliance, avoiding or minimizing trade and trying to produce everything one needs (or the most vital things) by oneself.
Balance of trade : The value of a state’s exports relative to its imports.
Cartel : An association of producers or consumers (or both) of a certain product, formed for the purpose of manipulating its price on the world market.
Centrally planned economy : An economy in which political authorities set prices and decide on quotas for production and consumption of each commodity according to a long-term plan.
Comparative advantage : The principle that says states should specialize in trading goods that they produce with the greatest relative efficiency and at the lowest relative cost (relative, that is, to other goods produced by same state).
Doha Round : A series of negotiations under the World Trade Organization that began in Doha, Qatar, in 2001. It followed the Uruguay Round and focused on agricultural subsidies, intellectual property, and other issues.
Dumping : The sale of products in foreign markets at prices below the minimum level necessary to make a profit (or below cost).
Free trade : The follow of goods and services across national boundaries unimpeded by tariffs or other restrictions; in principle (if not always in practice), free trade was a key aspect of Britain’s policy after 1846 and of U.S. policy after 1945.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) : A world organizations established in 1947 to work for freer trade on a multilateral basis; the GAAT was more of a negotiating framewordk than an administrative institution. It became the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
Generalized System of Prefences (GSP) : A mechanism b which some industrialized states began in the 1970s to give tariff concessions to third world states on certain imports; an exception to the most-favored nation (MFN) principle.
Industrial policy : The strategies by which a goverment works actively with industries to promote their growth and tailor trade policy to their needs.
Industrialization : The use of fossil-fuel energy to drive machinery and the accumulation of such machinery along with the products created by it.
Intellectual property rights : The legal protection of the origin works of inventors, authors, creators, and performers under patent, copyright, and trademark law. Such rights became a conentious area of trade negotiations in the 1990s.
Interdependence : A political and economic situation in which two states are simultaneously dependent on each other for their well-being. The degree of interdependence is sometimes designated in terms of “sensitivity” or “vulnerability”.
Liberalism : In the context of IPE, an approach that generally shares assumption of anarchy (the lack of a world goverment) but does not see this condition as precluding extensive cooperation to realize common gains from economic exchanges. It emphasizes absolute over relative gains and, in practice, a commitment to free trade, free capital flows, and an “open” world economy.
Mercantilism : An economic theory and a political ideology opposed to free trade; it shares with realism the belief that each state must protect its own interests without seeking mutual gains through international organizations.
Mixed economies : Economies such as those in the industrialized West that contain both some government control and some private ownership.
Most-favored nation (MFN) : A principle by which one state, by granting another state MFN status, promises to give it the same treatment given to the first state’s most-favored trading partner.
Nontariff barriers : Forms of restricting imports other than tariffs, such as quotas (ceilings on how many goods of a certain kind can be imported).
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) : A free-trade zone encompassing the United States, Canada, and Mexico since 1994.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) : The most prominent cartel in the international economy; its members control about half the world’s total oil experts, enough to significantly affect the world price of oil.
Protectionism : The protection of domestic industries against international competition, by trade tariffs and other means.
Service sector : The part of an economy that concerns services (as opposed to the production of tangible goods); the key focus in the international trade negotiations is on banking, insurance, and related financial services.
State-owned industries : Industries such as oil-production companies and airlines that are owned wholly or partly by state because they are thought to be vital to the national economy.
Tariff : A duty or tax levied on certain types of imports (usually as a percentage of their value) as they enter a country.
Transitional economies : Countries in Russia and Eastern Europe that are trying to convert from communism to capitalism, with various degrees of success.
Uruguay Round : A series of negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that began in Uruguay in 1986 and concluded in 1944 with agreement to create the World Trade Organization. The Uruguay Round followed earlier GATT negotiations such as the Kennedy Round and the Tokyo Round.
World Trade Organization : An organization begun in 1995 that expanded the GATT’s traditional focus on manufactured goods and created monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.
bir ricam olacaktı karşılığında bir şey veremem fakat çok memnun olur müteşekkir kalırım.
staj yaptığım yerde son ödev olarak herkese bi konu çektirdiler ve bu konudaki terimlerin türkçe tercümelerini istiyorlar, yoksa bi aylık çalışma heba olup gidecek. çapsız herifler böyle bi şey olduğunu söylememişlerdi. zaten biliyordum ingilizcenin günün birinde başıma iş açacağına, şu iş bitsin ilk işim bi kursa yazılmak olacak. ben konu olarak international tradei seçtim ve aşağıda vereceğim çoğu 1 veya 2cümleden oluşan yaklaşık 20 terimin tercümelerini vermem gerekiyor. ya lütfen birileri yardım etsin çok kötü durumdayım çookkk:( lütfen lütfen lütfenn lütfennnn
Autarky : A policy of self-reliance, avoiding or minimizing trade and trying to produce everything one needs (or the most vital things) by oneself.
Balance of trade : The value of a state’s exports relative to its imports.
Cartel : An association of producers or consumers (or both) of a certain product, formed for the purpose of manipulating its price on the world market.
Centrally planned economy : An economy in which political authorities set prices and decide on quotas for production and consumption of each commodity according to a long-term plan.
Comparative advantage : The principle that says states should specialize in trading goods that they produce with the greatest relative efficiency and at the lowest relative cost (relative, that is, to other goods produced by same state).
Doha Round : A series of negotiations under the World Trade Organization that began in Doha, Qatar, in 2001. It followed the Uruguay Round and focused on agricultural subsidies, intellectual property, and other issues.
Dumping : The sale of products in foreign markets at prices below the minimum level necessary to make a profit (or below cost).
Free trade : The follow of goods and services across national boundaries unimpeded by tariffs or other restrictions; in principle (if not always in practice), free trade was a key aspect of Britain’s policy after 1846 and of U.S. policy after 1945.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) : A world organizations established in 1947 to work for freer trade on a multilateral basis; the GAAT was more of a negotiating framewordk than an administrative institution. It became the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
Generalized System of Prefences (GSP) : A mechanism b which some industrialized states began in the 1970s to give tariff concessions to third world states on certain imports; an exception to the most-favored nation (MFN) principle.
Industrial policy : The strategies by which a goverment works actively with industries to promote their growth and tailor trade policy to their needs.
Industrialization : The use of fossil-fuel energy to drive machinery and the accumulation of such machinery along with the products created by it.
Intellectual property rights : The legal protection of the origin works of inventors, authors, creators, and performers under patent, copyright, and trademark law. Such rights became a conentious area of trade negotiations in the 1990s.
Interdependence : A political and economic situation in which two states are simultaneously dependent on each other for their well-being. The degree of interdependence is sometimes designated in terms of “sensitivity” or “vulnerability”.
Liberalism : In the context of IPE, an approach that generally shares assumption of anarchy (the lack of a world goverment) but does not see this condition as precluding extensive cooperation to realize common gains from economic exchanges. It emphasizes absolute over relative gains and, in practice, a commitment to free trade, free capital flows, and an “open” world economy.
Mercantilism : An economic theory and a political ideology opposed to free trade; it shares with realism the belief that each state must protect its own interests without seeking mutual gains through international organizations.
Mixed economies : Economies such as those in the industrialized West that contain both some government control and some private ownership.
Most-favored nation (MFN) : A principle by which one state, by granting another state MFN status, promises to give it the same treatment given to the first state’s most-favored trading partner.
Nontariff barriers : Forms of restricting imports other than tariffs, such as quotas (ceilings on how many goods of a certain kind can be imported).
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) : A free-trade zone encompassing the United States, Canada, and Mexico since 1994.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) : The most prominent cartel in the international economy; its members control about half the world’s total oil experts, enough to significantly affect the world price of oil.
Protectionism : The protection of domestic industries against international competition, by trade tariffs and other means.
Service sector : The part of an economy that concerns services (as opposed to the production of tangible goods); the key focus in the international trade negotiations is on banking, insurance, and related financial services.
State-owned industries : Industries such as oil-production companies and airlines that are owned wholly or partly by state because they are thought to be vital to the national economy.
Tariff : A duty or tax levied on certain types of imports (usually as a percentage of their value) as they enter a country.
Transitional economies : Countries in Russia and Eastern Europe that are trying to convert from communism to capitalism, with various degrees of success.
Uruguay Round : A series of negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that began in Uruguay in 1986 and concluded in 1944 with agreement to create the World Trade Organization. The Uruguay Round followed earlier GATT negotiations such as the Kennedy Round and the Tokyo Round.
World Trade Organization : An organization begun in 1995 that expanded the GATT’s traditional focus on manufactured goods and created monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.
Dalga mı geçiyorsun? Sen kurs eğitimiyle bile bu metni çeviremezsin. Bu konusunun ehli olan bir profesyonelin çevireceği bir metindir. Demek ki sen staj yaptığın konuda ehil değilmişsin, üzgünüm.
- urban dandy
(01.09.09 15:52:57)
merhaba, sadece terimlerin karşılıkları gerekiyorsa yazayım, gerçi onları örneğin tureng.com'dan ve normal bir google araştırması ile de çıkarabilirsin.
ama tüm metnin çevirisi gerekiyorsa, bunu profesyonel olarak yapan insanlar var biliyorsun, bu metin kabaca bir çevirmenin 1,5-2 saatini alacaktır. yaklaşık 20-30 milyon civarında bir ücrete çevirtebilirsin, bir çeviri bürosuna değil de, doğrudan bir çevirmene verirsen.
aslında şu sıralar boş olsam ben eğlencesine çevirirdim, ama ne yazık ki hiç zamanım yok:(
ama tüm metnin çevirisi gerekiyorsa, bunu profesyonel olarak yapan insanlar var biliyorsun, bu metin kabaca bir çevirmenin 1,5-2 saatini alacaktır. yaklaşık 20-30 milyon civarında bir ücrete çevirtebilirsin, bir çeviri bürosuna değil de, doğrudan bir çevirmene verirsen.
aslında şu sıralar boş olsam ben eğlencesine çevirirdim, ama ne yazık ki hiç zamanım yok:(
- yalnux (01.09.09 16:16:32)
buradan ,insanlara, bir seyler sorarken onlardan ozur dilemene gerek yok. bu guzel site zaten bunun icin var. ben konusunun ehli olan bir profesyonel degilim. ama biray da olsa cevirmeyi denedim. simdi ise gitmem lazim. aksam gelince yorgun da olmazsam kaldigim yerden devam ederim. kolay gelsin. cevirideki 9 lar parantez isareti, ve yaptigim diger imůla hatalari da buna yorula: kullandigim bilgisayarin tus takimi simdilik biraz degisik.
Autarky : A policy of self-reliance, avoiding or minimizing trade and trying to produce everything one needs (or the most vital things) by oneself.
Bagimsiz ekonomi politikasi, Otarsi: Bir ozguven-kendi kendine yeterlilik- politikasi icinde cekingen ya da kucuk olcekli ticaretle butun ihtiyaclari –ya da en elzem olanlari- bir kalemde kendi kendine uretme cabasi.
Balance of trade : The value of a state’s exports relative to its imports.
Ticaret Dengesi: Bir ulkenin cikti degerlerinin girdilere iliskisi.
Cartel : An association of producers or consumers (or both) of a certain product, formed for the purpose of manipulating its price on the world market.
Tekel: Belli bir urun uzerinde dunya piyasalari uzerindeki fiyatlari kurgulama- manipule etme- amaciyla sekillenmis bir uretici ya da musteri birligi- ya da her ikisi-
Centrally planned economy : An economy in which political authorities set prices and decide on quotas for production and consumption of each commodity according to a long-term plan.
Merkezi Plan Ekonomisi: Uretim ve her ticari mal uzerindeki tuketim miktari ve fiyatlarinin gorevlilerce uzun donem bir plana gore belirledigi ekonomi.
Comparative advantage : The principle that says states should specialize in trading goods that they produce with the greatest relative efficiency and at the lowest relative cost (relative, that is, to other goods produced by same state).
KArsilastirmali ustunluk: Ulkelerin, olabilecek en buyuk etkinlikteki uretim ve en dusuk maliyet verimlilik ilskisini saglayacak ticari mallar konusunda uzmanlasmalarini dile getiren teoridir.9iliskiden kasit ayni ulkede uretilen mallardir9
Doha Round : A series of negotiations under the World Trade Organization that began in Doha, Qatar, in 2001. It followed the Uruguay Round and focused on agricultural subsidies, intellectual property, and other issues.
Doha Gorusmeleri: Dunya ticaret organizasyonu catisi altinda yapilan 1991 yilinda Katar sehri Doha da baslamis olan gorusmeler serisidir. Bunu, tarim alanindaki destek kredilerine akli servet ve diger konulara yogunlasmis olan uruguay ayagi takip etmistir. 9akli serveti cok pis sallamis da olabilirim9
Dumping : The sale of products in foreign markets at prices below the minimum level necessary to make a profit (or below cost).
Indirim: Yabanci piyasalarda satilan urunlerin fiyatlarinin kar getirebilecek en dusuk seviyeye cekilmesi 9ya da maliyetin de altina9
Free trade : The follow of goods and services across national boundaries unimpeded by tariffs or other restrictions; in principle (if not always in practice), free trade was a key aspect of Britain’s policy after 1846 and of U.S. policy after 1945.
Serbest Ticaret: Ulusal sinirlar boyunca tarifeler ve diger sinirlandirmalarla engellenmemis mallar ve hiymetler dizini, prensip olarak 9uygulamada her zaman boyle olmayabilir9 serbest ticaret, bu konuda Ingiltere nin 1846 dan amerikanin 1945 yilindan sonraki anahtar yaklasimiydi.
Autarky : A policy of self-reliance, avoiding or minimizing trade and trying to produce everything one needs (or the most vital things) by oneself.
Bagimsiz ekonomi politikasi, Otarsi: Bir ozguven-kendi kendine yeterlilik- politikasi icinde cekingen ya da kucuk olcekli ticaretle butun ihtiyaclari –ya da en elzem olanlari- bir kalemde kendi kendine uretme cabasi.
Balance of trade : The value of a state’s exports relative to its imports.
Ticaret Dengesi: Bir ulkenin cikti degerlerinin girdilere iliskisi.
Cartel : An association of producers or consumers (or both) of a certain product, formed for the purpose of manipulating its price on the world market.
Tekel: Belli bir urun uzerinde dunya piyasalari uzerindeki fiyatlari kurgulama- manipule etme- amaciyla sekillenmis bir uretici ya da musteri birligi- ya da her ikisi-
Centrally planned economy : An economy in which political authorities set prices and decide on quotas for production and consumption of each commodity according to a long-term plan.
Merkezi Plan Ekonomisi: Uretim ve her ticari mal uzerindeki tuketim miktari ve fiyatlarinin gorevlilerce uzun donem bir plana gore belirledigi ekonomi.
Comparative advantage : The principle that says states should specialize in trading goods that they produce with the greatest relative efficiency and at the lowest relative cost (relative, that is, to other goods produced by same state).
KArsilastirmali ustunluk: Ulkelerin, olabilecek en buyuk etkinlikteki uretim ve en dusuk maliyet verimlilik ilskisini saglayacak ticari mallar konusunda uzmanlasmalarini dile getiren teoridir.9iliskiden kasit ayni ulkede uretilen mallardir9
Doha Round : A series of negotiations under the World Trade Organization that began in Doha, Qatar, in 2001. It followed the Uruguay Round and focused on agricultural subsidies, intellectual property, and other issues.
Doha Gorusmeleri: Dunya ticaret organizasyonu catisi altinda yapilan 1991 yilinda Katar sehri Doha da baslamis olan gorusmeler serisidir. Bunu, tarim alanindaki destek kredilerine akli servet ve diger konulara yogunlasmis olan uruguay ayagi takip etmistir. 9akli serveti cok pis sallamis da olabilirim9
Dumping : The sale of products in foreign markets at prices below the minimum level necessary to make a profit (or below cost).
Indirim: Yabanci piyasalarda satilan urunlerin fiyatlarinin kar getirebilecek en dusuk seviyeye cekilmesi 9ya da maliyetin de altina9
Free trade : The follow of goods and services across national boundaries unimpeded by tariffs or other restrictions; in principle (if not always in practice), free trade was a key aspect of Britain’s policy after 1846 and of U.S. policy after 1945.
Serbest Ticaret: Ulusal sinirlar boyunca tarifeler ve diger sinirlandirmalarla engellenmemis mallar ve hiymetler dizini, prensip olarak 9uygulamada her zaman boyle olmayabilir9 serbest ticaret, bu konuda Ingiltere nin 1846 dan amerikanin 1945 yilindan sonraki anahtar yaklasimiydi.
- gunlerin kopegi
(02.09.09 00:25:52)
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) : A world organizations established in 1947 to work for freer trade on a multilateral basis; the GAAT was more of a negotiating framewordk than an administrative institution. It became the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
Ticaret ve Tarifeler uzerindeki Genel Mukavele: 1947 de ticaretin daha da serbestlesmesi adina kurulan GATT cok uluslu ilkelere dayanan, bir yonetim enstutisinden daha fazla bir tartisma platformudur. 1995 yilinda Dunya TIcaret Organizasyonu 9DTO9 adini almistir.
Generalized System of Prefences (GSP) : A mechanism b which some industrialized states began in the 1970s to give tariff concessions to third world states on certain imports; an exception to the most-favored nation (MFN) principle.
Genellestirilmis Sistem Tercihleri- TErcihlerin Genellestirilmis Sistemi: en iyi ulke prensibinin bir istisnasi olan bu mekanizma 1970 lerde ucucnu dunya ulkelerine belli ithal mallarinda imtiyazlar vermeye baslayan sanayilesmis ulkelerde gorulmektedir. 9cumlenin aslinda hata var9
Industrial policy : The strategies by which a goverment works actively with industries to promote their growth and tailor trade policy to their needs.
Endustri Politikasi: Kendi buyumesini tesvik etmek amaciyla sanayi ile udice olan ve ticari politiklari ihtiyaclarina gore sekillendiren hukumet stratejileridir.
Industrialization : The use of fossil-fuel energy to drive machinery and the accumulation of such machinery along with the products created by it.
Sanayilesme: Makinalarin ve bunlar tarafindan uretilen urunler boyunca fosil-yakit enerjisi kullanimi.
Intellectual property rights : The legal protection of the origin works of inventors, authors, creators, and performers under patent, copyright, and trademark law. Such rights became a conentious area of trade negotiations in the 1990s.
Dusunsel Mulkiyet Hakki: Yaraticilarin, yazarlarin, mucitlerin, kayitli eserlerini sergileyenlerin, kisisel eserlerinin telif hakki, ve tecil yasalari ile korunmasi. Bu yasalar 1990 li larda ticari muzakerelerde oldukca tartismali bir alan haline gelmistir.
Interdependence : A political and economic situation in which two states are simultaneously dependent on each other for their well-being. The degree of interdependence is sometimes designated in terms of “sensitivity” or “vulnerability”.
Karsilikli-Baglilik: Gelisimleri icin anlik olarak iki ulkenin birbirlerine bagli oldugu ekonomik ve politik durumdur. Bagliligin derecesi bazen “hassaslik“ ya da “kirilganlik“ terimleri nazarinda belirlenir.
Liberalism : In the context of IPE, an approach that generally shares assumption of anarchy (the lack of a world goverment) but does not see this condition as precluding extensive cooperation to realize common gains from economic exchanges. It emphasizes absolute over relative gains and, in practice, a commitment to free trade, free capital flows, and an “open” world economy.
Ozgurlukculuk: IPE nin icerigine gore, anarsi ilkesinin 9dunya hukumetlerinin yoklugu9 ayni yaklasimi paylasan ekonomik degistokuslardan kar elde etmek icin genis olcekli ortakligi onleyerek bunu gormezden gelen bir yaklasimdir. Pratikte serbest ticaret taahhudu, serbest sermaye akisi, tam-serbest dunya ticareti ve goreceli kazanimlar uzerinde oldukca durur.
Mercantilism : An economic theory and a political ideology opposed to free trade; it shares with realism the belief that each state must protect its own interests without seeking mutual gains through international organizations.
Merkantalizm: Serbest ticaretin tersi bir gorusu savunan politik bir ideoloji ve ekonomik teoridir: uluslararasi iliskiler suresince bagli kazanclara bakilmaksizin her ulkenin kendi ilgi alanini korumasi gerektigini savunan gercekcilikle ayni zemini paylasir.
Mixed economies : Economies such as those in the industrialized West that contain both some government control and some private ownership.
Karma ekonomiler: Ozel mulkiyet ve hukumet kontrolunu ayni anda icerisinde bulunduran sanayilesmis ulke ekonomileri gibi ekonomilerdir.
Most-favored nation (MFN) : A principle by which one state, by granting another state MFN status, promises to give it the same treatment given to the first state’s most-favored trading partner.
En iyi ulke: Bir ulkeden bir diger ulkeye en iyi ticaret ortagina sagladigi kosullari ona da saglayacaginin sozunun verilerek en iyi ulke kosulunu bagislamasidir.
Nontariff barriers : Forms of restricting imports other than tariffs, such as quotas (ceilings on how many goods of a certain kind can be imported).
Tarifesiz Sinirlar: kisitlayici ithalatin tarifelerin disinda bir seklidir, kotalar gibi 9belli bir urunden ne kadar ithal edilebilecegi uzerine sinirlandirmalar gibi9
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) : A free-trade zone encompassing the United States, Canada, and Mexico since 1994.
Kuyey amerika serbest ticaret antlasmasi: ABD, Kanada ve Meksikayi icine alan 1994 de imzalanmis bir serbest ticaret alan sozlesmesidir.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) : The most prominent cartel in the international economy; its members control about half the world’s total oil experts, enough to significantly affect the world price of oil.
Petrol ihrac eden ulkeler Birligi: Uluslarasi ekonomide en goye carpan tekel: uyeleri neredeyse dunya petrol uretiminin yarisini ellerinde bulundururlar, bu da dunya petrol fiyatlarini etkilemek icin oldukca yeterlidir.
Protectionism : The protection of domestic industries against international competition, by trade tariffs and other means.
Korumacilik: Yerel sanayilerin tarifeler ve diger yollar ile uluslararasi rekabete karsi korunmasi.
Service sector : The part of an economy that concerns services (as opposed to the production of tangible goods); the key focus in the international trade negotiations is on banking, insurance, and related financial services.
Hizmet Sektoru: Ekonominin hiymet alaniyla ilgilenen sektordur 9elle tutulabilir mal uretiminin karsitidir9 :uluslararasi ticarette odaklanilan temel konu bankacilik, sigorta, ve iliskili finansal hizmetlerdir.
State-owned industries : Industries such as oil-production companies and airlines that are owned wholly or partly by state because they are thought to be vital to the national economy.
Devlet Kontrolundeki sanayiler: Petrol ureten firmalari ve havayolu sirketleri bu alanlar ulusal ekonomi icin yasamsal degere sahip oldugu dusunuldugunden bu gibi sanayiler tamamen ya da kismen hukumet kontrolundedir.
Tariff : A duty or tax levied on certain types of imports (usually as a percentage of their value) as they enter a country.
Tarife: Belli bir urunlerin ulkeye girislerinde uzerlerinden alinan dolayli vergi ya da gumruk vergisi 9genellikle fiyatlari uzerinden alinan bir yuzde seklindedir9
Transitional economies : Countries in Russia and Eastern Europe that are trying to convert from communism to capitalism, with various degrees of success.
Gecisli Ekonomiler: Rusya ve Dogu Avrupadaki komunizmden kapitalizme cesitli basari dereceleri ile evrilmeye calisan ulkelerdir.
Uruguay Round : A series of negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that began in Uruguay in 1986 and concluded in 1944 with agreement to create the World Trade Organization. The Uruguay Round followed earlier GATT negotiations such as the Kennedy Round and the Tokyo Round.
Uruguay Gorusmeleri: Tarifeler ve Ticaret Uzerindeki Genel Kabul basligi altinda yapilan 1986 da Uruguay da baslayip 1994 de Dunya Ticaret Orgutu ile nihai olan gorusmeler butunur. Uruguay Gorusmeleri Kennedy ve Tokyo erken T.T.G.K gorusmelerini takip etmistir.
World Trade Organization : An organization begun in 1995 that expanded the GATT’s traditional focus on manufactured goods and created monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.
Dunya Ticaret Orgutu: 1995 de baslayip T.T.G.K 9GATT9 seklinde genisleyen, uretilmis mallara geleneksel bakis, yaratim surecinin izlenmesi ve destek mekanizmalari.
Ticaret ve Tarifeler uzerindeki Genel Mukavele: 1947 de ticaretin daha da serbestlesmesi adina kurulan GATT cok uluslu ilkelere dayanan, bir yonetim enstutisinden daha fazla bir tartisma platformudur. 1995 yilinda Dunya TIcaret Organizasyonu 9DTO9 adini almistir.
Generalized System of Prefences (GSP) : A mechanism b which some industrialized states began in the 1970s to give tariff concessions to third world states on certain imports; an exception to the most-favored nation (MFN) principle.
Genellestirilmis Sistem Tercihleri- TErcihlerin Genellestirilmis Sistemi: en iyi ulke prensibinin bir istisnasi olan bu mekanizma 1970 lerde ucucnu dunya ulkelerine belli ithal mallarinda imtiyazlar vermeye baslayan sanayilesmis ulkelerde gorulmektedir. 9cumlenin aslinda hata var9
Industrial policy : The strategies by which a goverment works actively with industries to promote their growth and tailor trade policy to their needs.
Endustri Politikasi: Kendi buyumesini tesvik etmek amaciyla sanayi ile udice olan ve ticari politiklari ihtiyaclarina gore sekillendiren hukumet stratejileridir.
Industrialization : The use of fossil-fuel energy to drive machinery and the accumulation of such machinery along with the products created by it.
Sanayilesme: Makinalarin ve bunlar tarafindan uretilen urunler boyunca fosil-yakit enerjisi kullanimi.
Intellectual property rights : The legal protection of the origin works of inventors, authors, creators, and performers under patent, copyright, and trademark law. Such rights became a conentious area of trade negotiations in the 1990s.
Dusunsel Mulkiyet Hakki: Yaraticilarin, yazarlarin, mucitlerin, kayitli eserlerini sergileyenlerin, kisisel eserlerinin telif hakki, ve tecil yasalari ile korunmasi. Bu yasalar 1990 li larda ticari muzakerelerde oldukca tartismali bir alan haline gelmistir.
Interdependence : A political and economic situation in which two states are simultaneously dependent on each other for their well-being. The degree of interdependence is sometimes designated in terms of “sensitivity” or “vulnerability”.
Karsilikli-Baglilik: Gelisimleri icin anlik olarak iki ulkenin birbirlerine bagli oldugu ekonomik ve politik durumdur. Bagliligin derecesi bazen “hassaslik“ ya da “kirilganlik“ terimleri nazarinda belirlenir.
Liberalism : In the context of IPE, an approach that generally shares assumption of anarchy (the lack of a world goverment) but does not see this condition as precluding extensive cooperation to realize common gains from economic exchanges. It emphasizes absolute over relative gains and, in practice, a commitment to free trade, free capital flows, and an “open” world economy.
Ozgurlukculuk: IPE nin icerigine gore, anarsi ilkesinin 9dunya hukumetlerinin yoklugu9 ayni yaklasimi paylasan ekonomik degistokuslardan kar elde etmek icin genis olcekli ortakligi onleyerek bunu gormezden gelen bir yaklasimdir. Pratikte serbest ticaret taahhudu, serbest sermaye akisi, tam-serbest dunya ticareti ve goreceli kazanimlar uzerinde oldukca durur.
Mercantilism : An economic theory and a political ideology opposed to free trade; it shares with realism the belief that each state must protect its own interests without seeking mutual gains through international organizations.
Merkantalizm: Serbest ticaretin tersi bir gorusu savunan politik bir ideoloji ve ekonomik teoridir: uluslararasi iliskiler suresince bagli kazanclara bakilmaksizin her ulkenin kendi ilgi alanini korumasi gerektigini savunan gercekcilikle ayni zemini paylasir.
Mixed economies : Economies such as those in the industrialized West that contain both some government control and some private ownership.
Karma ekonomiler: Ozel mulkiyet ve hukumet kontrolunu ayni anda icerisinde bulunduran sanayilesmis ulke ekonomileri gibi ekonomilerdir.
Most-favored nation (MFN) : A principle by which one state, by granting another state MFN status, promises to give it the same treatment given to the first state’s most-favored trading partner.
En iyi ulke: Bir ulkeden bir diger ulkeye en iyi ticaret ortagina sagladigi kosullari ona da saglayacaginin sozunun verilerek en iyi ulke kosulunu bagislamasidir.
Nontariff barriers : Forms of restricting imports other than tariffs, such as quotas (ceilings on how many goods of a certain kind can be imported).
Tarifesiz Sinirlar: kisitlayici ithalatin tarifelerin disinda bir seklidir, kotalar gibi 9belli bir urunden ne kadar ithal edilebilecegi uzerine sinirlandirmalar gibi9
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) : A free-trade zone encompassing the United States, Canada, and Mexico since 1994.
Kuyey amerika serbest ticaret antlasmasi: ABD, Kanada ve Meksikayi icine alan 1994 de imzalanmis bir serbest ticaret alan sozlesmesidir.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) : The most prominent cartel in the international economy; its members control about half the world’s total oil experts, enough to significantly affect the world price of oil.
Petrol ihrac eden ulkeler Birligi: Uluslarasi ekonomide en goye carpan tekel: uyeleri neredeyse dunya petrol uretiminin yarisini ellerinde bulundururlar, bu da dunya petrol fiyatlarini etkilemek icin oldukca yeterlidir.
Protectionism : The protection of domestic industries against international competition, by trade tariffs and other means.
Korumacilik: Yerel sanayilerin tarifeler ve diger yollar ile uluslararasi rekabete karsi korunmasi.
Service sector : The part of an economy that concerns services (as opposed to the production of tangible goods); the key focus in the international trade negotiations is on banking, insurance, and related financial services.
Hizmet Sektoru: Ekonominin hiymet alaniyla ilgilenen sektordur 9elle tutulabilir mal uretiminin karsitidir9 :uluslararasi ticarette odaklanilan temel konu bankacilik, sigorta, ve iliskili finansal hizmetlerdir.
State-owned industries : Industries such as oil-production companies and airlines that are owned wholly or partly by state because they are thought to be vital to the national economy.
Devlet Kontrolundeki sanayiler: Petrol ureten firmalari ve havayolu sirketleri bu alanlar ulusal ekonomi icin yasamsal degere sahip oldugu dusunuldugunden bu gibi sanayiler tamamen ya da kismen hukumet kontrolundedir.
Tariff : A duty or tax levied on certain types of imports (usually as a percentage of their value) as they enter a country.
Tarife: Belli bir urunlerin ulkeye girislerinde uzerlerinden alinan dolayli vergi ya da gumruk vergisi 9genellikle fiyatlari uzerinden alinan bir yuzde seklindedir9
Transitional economies : Countries in Russia and Eastern Europe that are trying to convert from communism to capitalism, with various degrees of success.
Gecisli Ekonomiler: Rusya ve Dogu Avrupadaki komunizmden kapitalizme cesitli basari dereceleri ile evrilmeye calisan ulkelerdir.
Uruguay Round : A series of negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that began in Uruguay in 1986 and concluded in 1944 with agreement to create the World Trade Organization. The Uruguay Round followed earlier GATT negotiations such as the Kennedy Round and the Tokyo Round.
Uruguay Gorusmeleri: Tarifeler ve Ticaret Uzerindeki Genel Kabul basligi altinda yapilan 1986 da Uruguay da baslayip 1994 de Dunya Ticaret Orgutu ile nihai olan gorusmeler butunur. Uruguay Gorusmeleri Kennedy ve Tokyo erken T.T.G.K gorusmelerini takip etmistir.
World Trade Organization : An organization begun in 1995 that expanded the GATT’s traditional focus on manufactured goods and created monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.
Dunya Ticaret Orgutu: 1995 de baslayip T.T.G.K 9GATT9 seklinde genisleyen, uretilmis mallara geleneksel bakis, yaratim surecinin izlenmesi ve destek mekanizmalari.
- gunlerin kopegi (02.09.09 15:03:47)
nasıl teşekkür edeceğim konusunda herhangi bir fikrim yok, bana çok büyük faydanız dokundu, size çok minnettarım. çok çok çok teşekkür ederim.
- ahmend (03.09.09 14:30:16)
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